Epidemiological profile and evolution in musculoskeletal tumors at the level of the elbow / Perfil epidemiológico e evolução nos tumores musculoesqueléticos ao nível do cotovelo

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the epidemiological profile of bone and soft tissue tumors that affect the elbow region treated at an oncology referral center in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective observational case series study to evaluate the results of elbow cancer undergoing clinical and/or surgical treatment with the first visit from 1990 to 2020. The dependent variables were benign bone tumor, malignant bone tumor, benign soft tissue tumor, malignant soft tissue tumor. Independent variables were sex, age; presence of symptoms (pain/increase in local volume/fracture); diagnosis; treatment and recurrence. Results: In total, 37 patients were included, 51.35% of whom were female, with a mean age at diagnosis of 33.5 years. Soft tissue neoplasms correspond to 51% of cases against 49% of bone tumors. Among the symptoms, the general prevalence of pain was 56.75%, the general increase in local volume occurred in 54.04% of the patients and the presence of fractures in 13.43%. Surgical treatment occurred in 75.67% of cases and recurrence in 16.21% of cases. Conclusion: The tumors that affect the elbow in our series correspond mostly to benign tumors, involving bone or soft tissues, with a higher occurrence in young adult patients. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar o perfil epidemiológico dos tumores ósseos e de partes moles que acometem a região do cotovelo. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de série de casos para avaliação dos resultados de neoplasia do cotovelo submetidos a tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico cujo primeiro atendimento se deu entre 1990 e 2020. As variáveis dependentes foram: tumor ósseo benigno, tumor ósseo maligno, tumor de partes moles benigno, tumor de partes moles maligno. A variáveis independentes foram: sexo; idade; presença de sintomas (dor, aumento de volume local, fratura); lateralidade; diagnóstico; tratamento; e recidiva. Resultados: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes, sendo 51,35% do sexo feminino, com média de idade ao diagnóstico de 33,5 anos. As neoplasias de partes moles correspondem a 51% dos casos contra 49% de tumores ósseo. Dentre os sintomas a prevalência geral de dor foi de 56,75%, foi observado o aumento geral de volume local em 54,04% pacientes e a presença de fraturas em 13,43%. O tratamento cirúrgico ocorreu em 75,67% dos casos e a recidiva em 16,21%. Conclusão: Nesta série, os tumores que acometem o cotovelo são majoritariamente tumores benignos, de acometimento ósseo ou de partes moles, com maior ocorrência em pacientes adultos jovens. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Clinical features of patients with local recurrence and secondary operation after partial nephrectomy for renal cancer / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical features of patients with local recurrence and secondary operation after partial nephrectomy for renal cancer.Methods:The clinical data of 14 patients who underwent secondary operation for local recurrence of renal cancer after partial nephrectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2000 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 12 males and 2 females. Nine patients had a body mass index ≥24 kg/m 2. At first diagnosis of renal cancer, nine patients’ R. E.N.A.L. score of renal mass were at least 7. Partial nephrectomy was performed in the first operation of each patient, including 4 cases of open surgery, 6 cases of laparoscopic surgery, and 4 cases of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. The pathological stage of nine patients was pT 1aN 0M 0 and that of five patients was pT 1bN 0M 0. Twelve cases were clear cell carcinoma, 1 case was sarcomatoid carcinoma and 1 case was chromophobe cell carcinoma. The mean time from the first operation to local recurrence was (29.3±16.8) months. All recurrence lesions were found by abdominal CT or MRI. Thirteen patients had no clinical symptom at the time of tumor recurrence. The location of recurrence was clear. No sign of invasion of peripheral organs and tissues was observed. There was no other suspicious lesion. The tumor was considered to be completely resectable in all patients. All 14 cases underwent secondary operation. Ten patients underwent radical nephrectomy [tumor size was (2.8±0.9) cm]. Partial nephrectomy was performed in 4 cases [tumor size was (1.8±0.9) cm]after full evaluation by surgeons, including 2 cases of anatomic solitary kidney, and 2 cases of recurrent tumor less than 2 cm with clear tumor margin. Results:Eleven of the 14 cases underwent minimally invasive surgery, and no cases were converted to open surgery. The other 3 cases underwent open surgery. Seven patients had severe adhesions in the operation area. The blood loss in the partial nephrectomy group and the radical nephrectomy group was (100.0±70.7) ml and (143.0±81.2) ml, respectively. According to the Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications, Grade Ⅰ and Grade Ⅱ complication occurred in 1 patient respectively, and no patient had Grade Ⅲ or above complication. No tumor cell was found at the surgical margin. The pathological type and nuclear grade were the same as those in the first operation. There were 10 cases of pT 1aN 0M 0 stage, 3 cases of pT 3aN 0M 0 stage and 1 case of pT 3aN 1M 0stage. The follow-up time of 13 patients with complete follow-up data was (21.4±14.9) months after local recurrence resection. The tumor recurred in 3 patients and metastasized in 2 patients. The disease-free survival time of the above 5 patients was (13.2±8.8) months. Of the 4 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy, 3 had recurrence or metastasis. Among the 9 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy, 2 had postoperative recurrence or metastasis, and 7 patients survived without tumor until the last follow-up. Conclusions:For patients with local recurrence after partial nephrectomy who are in good condition and the recurrent lesions can be completely resected, the second operation is safe, feasible and effective. Patients with secondary radical nephrectomy have better prognosis. If the patient has a solitary kidney, the recurrent tumor is small and the margin is clear, partial nephrectomy can also be selected for the second operation. But the postoperative follow-up should be emphasized, and the adjuvant drug therapy should be given if necessary.

Clinical efficacy of radiofrequency ablation guided by CT hepatic arteriography in the treatment of multiple nodular liver metastases of colorectal cancer / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation guided by CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) in the treatment of multiple nodular liver metastases of colorectal cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 32 patients with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer who underwent femoral arterial catheterization and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation guided by CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March 2020 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 21 males and 11 females, aged (53.2±9.9) years old. Before ablation, the angiography catheter were placed in the common or proper hepatic artery under the digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were then transferred to a CT operating room. Under general anesthesia, contrast agent was injected into the indwelling angiography catheter and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation guided by CTHA was performed. The presentation of lesions, the dosage of contrast agent and complications during ablation were analyzed, and the treatment outcome was followed up outpatient or inpatient review.Results:All 32 patients uneventfully underwent DSA-guided angiography catheter placement, and CTHA-guided radiofrequency ablation was successfully performed in 97 lesions, with a technical success rate of 100% (97/97). The difference between CT values at the lesion enhancement site and peri-tumor hepatic parenchyma were greater than 25 HU. The total amount of contrast agent used during the procedure was 63.9±14.7 ml. All ablation-related complications were graded as A or B according to the Society of Interventional Radiology classification system. The complete ablation rate assessed by CTHA after the ablation was 100% (97/97). The rate of lesion necrosis was 100% evaluated by MRI one month after ablation. All patients were followed up and no recurrence was observed in 97 ablated lesions by the end of follow-up period.Conclusion:Radiofrequency ablation guided by CTHA is safe and feasible for the treatment of multiple nodular liver metastases of colorectal cancer, which could reduce the local recurrence of lesions after ablation.

Image fusion-based recurrence patterns and dosimetry after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To analyze the local recurrence patterns after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) through image fusion, and to explore the risk factors of local recurrence and its relationships with dosimetric indices.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted for 209 thoracic ESCC patients who received radical CCRT in Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University during 2016-2019. For the patients diagnosed as the local recurrence of esophageal lesions, their CT images were fused with the original planning CT images using image registration software to identify the recurrence sites. Through 1∶1 propensity score matching (PSM) of the clinal data of patients with local recurrence (the recurrence group, nbefore = 81, nafter = 62) and those without local recurrence (the recurrence-free group, nbefore = 128, nafter=62), the dose and volume parameters of the treatment plans for the two groups were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression model to analyze the factors affecting the overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results:All patients had 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates of 80.9%, 42.6%, and 33.0%, respectively, 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS rates of 67.9%, 34.0%, and 27.9%, respectively, and 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates of 71.3%, 39.2%, and 30.5%, respectively. T stage, N stage, and radiation dose were independent prognostic factors for the OS, PFS, and RFS ( HR = 1.42-1.87, P < 0.05) of the patients, respectively. Among 68 patients with local recurrence, 62 cases (91.2%) suffered recurrence within the gross tumor volume (GTV). The dose and volume parameters of patients with local recurrence, such as GTV- D95%, clinical target volume (CTV)- D95%, GTV- D50%, CTV- D50%, and planning target volume (PTV)- D50%, GTV- V60, CTV- V60, and PTV- V60, were significantly lower than those of patients free from the local recurrence ( t=1.90-2.15, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Local recurrence of patients with thoracic ESCC after radical CCRT occurs mainly within the GTV. Increasing radiation doses may contribute to their survival benefits. The D50% for each target volume in the radiotherapy plan may be related to local recurrence, and it is necessary to conduct further research.

Relationship between patterns of local recurrence and radiotherapy target dose after postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the relationship between patterns of local recurrence and radiotherapy target dose after adjuvant radiotherapy for the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC), aiming to provide reference for exploring reasonable target and dosage.Methods:Clinical data of 138 patients with T 1-4N 0-2M 0 PDAC who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection from April 2012 to December 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. The influencing factors of local recurrence and the correlation between local recurrence site and radiotherapy target dose were analyzed. Results:The median follow-up time was 37.2 months. The median overall survival (mOS) was 29.9 months. The 5-year OS rate was 27.4%. And the median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 13.9 months. There were 24 cases of local recurrence (17.4%), and 10 cases of local recurrence complicated with distant metastasis (7.2%). The correlation between local recurrence site and radiotherapy target dose could be evaluated in 19 patients with complete clinical data. The first local recurrence occurred near the para-aortic (Ao), the celiac axis (CA) and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were 8, 5 and 4 cases, respectively. The radiotherapy doses of 8 patients with local recurrence only in the PTV field were above 45 Gy. There were 8 cases of local recurrence both in and out of the PTV field, including 3 cases with dose line between 40 and 52 Gy, 2 cases with dose line between 20 and 47.5 Gy, and 3 cases with dose line between 0.5 and 52.5 Gy. There were 3 cases of local recurrence out of the PTV field, and the dose line ranged from 0 to 20 Gy.Conclusions:The local recurrence rate of PDAC after radical surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy is low, but a small number of patients have recurrence in the high-dose range of radiation field and regional recurrence out of the field. For these patients, it may be necessary to explore a more appropriate target dose and range for adjuvant radiotherapy.

Effectiveness of the use of chest wall bolus during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To analyze the recurrence of breast cancer without use of chest wall bolus during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy, so as to investigate the necessity of bolus use. Methods A total of 218 patients undergoing adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy during the period from January 2013 to June 2019 were enrolled as the study subjects. The chest wall bolus was not used during the whole period of radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy, and the recurrence of breast cancer in the chest wall was analyzed after radiotherapy. Results The post-surgical follow-up through outpatient records, inpatients records, local residents’ health system and telephone was performed until June 31, 2021. The proportion of follow-up was 100%, and the mean follow-up period was 48.9 months. There were three cases with breast cancer recurrence in the chest wall, including one case with recurrence in the chest wall alone and two cases with recurrence in the chest wall and regional lymph nodes, and the overall recurrence of breast cancer was 1.4% in the chest wall. Among the 3 cases with breast cancer recurrence in the chest wall, there were two cases with N3 stage and positive for HER2, and one triple-negative breast cancer case, and all three cases developed distal metastases upon local recurrence. Among 218 study subjects, there were 5 cases with grade Ⅰ radioactive skin reaction, 3 cases with grade Ⅱ radioactive skin reaction, and no grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ radioactive skin reaction occurred. In addition, no grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ acute radioactive injury was seen in the chest wall skin among the 218 study subjects. Conclusion No use of chest wall bolus may be considered during adjuvant intensity modulated radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy in presence of systemic therapy if tumor invasion into skin is not observed prior to therapy.

Localización intraoperatoria de las recurrencias en cáncer de tiroides mediante la inyección de azul de metileno guiada por ecografía / Intraoperative localization of recurrences in thyroid cancer by ultrasound-guided injection of methylene blue

Introducción. La cirugía para extirpación de metástasis en un cuello previamente intervenido afronta un reto para lograr una resección exitosa. El presente estudio pretende demostrar la utilidad de la técnica de inyección de azul de metileno, guiada por ecografía, para la localización intraoperatoria de lesiones recurrentes en cáncer de tiroides, para facilitar su resección. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, en pacientes reintervenidos por recurrencia de carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides, durante un periodo de dos años y medio. Se utilizó la inyección intratumoral de azul de metileno guiada por ecografía para su identificación intraoperatoria de recurrencia. Se hizo análisis de variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados. Este estudio incluyó 10 procedimientos en 9 pacientes, 77,8 % mujeres, con una media de edad de 54 años. Todos tenían un nivel de tiroglobulina detectable y elevado antes de la intervención; posteriormente, el 89 %presentó un descenso y el 33 % una adecuada respuesta bioquímica. La técnica agregó 10 minutos al tiempo quirúrgico. En el 100 % se identificaron de manera intraoperatoria los ganglios marcados; el promedio de ganglios resecados fue de 12, de los cuales, 6 fueron positivos, todos con carcinoma papilar de tiroides. Esta técnica se consideró de gran utilidad y de bajo costo en todos los casos. Discusión. Esta técnica se muestra como una estrategia efectiva para la identificación intraoperatoria de las recurrencias corregionales en carcinoma de tiroides, permitiendo una disección ganglionar exitosa, disminuyendo complicaciones, tiempo quirúrgico y, especialmente, costos frente a otras intervenciones

Introduction. The approach of a previously operated neck for metastasis resection faces a challenge to achieve a successful resection. The present study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of the ultrasound-guided injection of methylene blue technique for the intraoperative localization of recurrent lesions in thyroid cancer to facilitate their resection. Methods. An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in patients reoperated for recurrences of differentiated thyroid carcinoma over a period of two and a half years, using ultrasound-guided intratumoral injection of methylene blue for its intraoperative identification. An analysis of demographic and clinical variables was carried out and its advantages over other methods were identified. Results. This study included 10 procedures in nine patients, 77.8% women and 22.2% men, with a mean age of 54 years. All had a detectable and elevated thyroglobulin level before the intervention, 89% had a decrease in its level and 33% had an adequate biochemical response. The technique added 10 minutes to the surgical time. All marked lymph nodes were identified intraoperatively. The average number of lymph nodes resected was 12, of which six were positive, all with papillary thyroid carcinoma. It was considered of great utility and low cost in all cases. Discussion. This technique shows to be an effective strategy for the intraoperative identification of locoregional recurrences in thyroid carcinoma, allowing a successful lymph node dissection, reducing complications, surgical time and especially costs compared to other interventions

A cross-sectional study on the pattern of recurrence in carcinoma breast patients based on molecular subtypes

Background: Breast cancer is a major public health issue and it is the leading cause of cancer related death in females worldwide. New insights in the cancer treatment led to considerable improvement in the survival of cancer patients. But metastasis remain an area were all sorts of conventional treatments fails and it is the cause of death of most carcinoma breast patients. In this study we aim to establish a possible link to local recurrence and distant metastasis with different biological subtypes of breast cancer.Methods: One hundred and eighty patients of carcinoma breast patients of carcinoma breast who presented with local recurrence or distant metastasis in the period of January 2018 to March 2019 in Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram were included in this study. These data were collected from the hospital records.Results: Local recurrence was most seen in triple negative (50%) subtype followed by HER2 (32.1%) enriched. Local recurrence was least among luminal A (13.8%) with a p value of 0.001. Bone metastasis was the most common type of metastasis and was most seen in luminal A (p=0.001). Triple negative had the maximum CNS metastasis with a p value of 0.003. Liver metastasis was seen mostly in luminal B (26.2%) and A (20.7%) and lung metastasis in triple negative (13.5%) and HER2/neu (10.7%). However, there was no significant association for lung or liver metastasis to any subtype.Conclusions: Biological subtypes of breast cancer classified by immunohistochemical expression of ER, PR, HER2, Ki 67 show different clinicopathological features, recurrence pattern, and survival outcomes.

Tumor de células gigantes en cúbito de paciente postrauma / Giant cell tumor in ulna of trauma patient

RESUMEN Introducción: Los tumores de células gigantes pueden originarse en el tejido óseo, sinovial o cualquier otro tejido blando. Se caracterizan por su rápido crecimiento. A pesar de ser comúnmente benignos, si se dejan evolucionar sin tratamiento, hay riesgo de que en su proceso de crecimiento destruyan el tejido adyacente y afecten la funcionalidad, estructura y apariencia de la zona anatómica afectada. Objetivo: Describir el curso clínico y manejo terapéutico de un paciente con tumor de células gigantes en el antebrazo. Caso clínico: Se presenta paciente masculino de 28 años, que se le diagnosticó tumoración ósea en tercio distal del cúbito, y a quien, por su voluntad de no atenderse, no se le realizó el abordaje y manejo quirúrgico. Un año después, regresó al servicio de urgencias. Tenía mayor volumen en las dimensiones tumorales, con cambios a nivel del tercio distal del cúbito, lesiones de patrón lítico, pérdida de la cortical, con reacción perióstica, bordes mal definidos y afectación de tejidos blandos circundantes. Se diagnóstico probable tumor de células gigantes. El manejo quirúrgico permitió la conservación del antebrazo, pero a un año de su intervención quirúrgica, dada la probabilidad de recidiva, su pronóstico permanece incierto. Conclusiones: La velocidad de crecimiento de los tumores de células gigantes amerita decisiones oportunas, dado que el tiempo que transcurre previo al tratamiento puede, como en el presente caso, traducirse en un crecimiento destructivo de los tejidos adyacentes. A más de un año de la cirugía, el pronóstico del paciente es incierto, pues la probabilidad de recidiva permanece latente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Giant cell tumors can originate in bone, synovial, or any other soft tissue. They are characterized by their rapid growth. Despite being commonly benign, if they are allowed to evolve without treatment, they may destroy adjacent tissue, in its growth process, affecting the functionality, structure and appearance of the affected anatomical area. Objective: To describe the clinical course and therapeutic management of a patient with a giant cell tumor in the forearm. Clinical case: We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with a bone mass in the distal third of the ulna. This patient desired not to undergo surgical management. A year later, he returned to the emergency room. the tumor had greater dimensions, changes at the level of the distal third of ulna, lytic pattern lesions, loss of the cortex, periosteal reaction, poorly defined edges and involvement of surrounding soft tissues. Giant cell tumor was the probable diagnosis. Surgical management allowed the forearm preservation, but one year after surgery, the prognosis remains uncertain, given the probability of recurrence. Conclusions: The growth rate of giant cell tumors merits timely decisions, since the time that elapses prior to treatment can, as in the present case, translate into destructive growth of adjacent tissues. More than a year after surgery, the prognosis is uncertain for this patient, as the probability of recurrence remains latent(AU)

RÉSUMÉ Introduction: Les tumeurs à cellules géantes peuvent être localisées au niveau du tissu osseux, du tissu synovial ou d'un autre tissu mou quelconque. Elles sont caractérisées par une croissance rapide. Malgré leur classique bénignité, si elles évoluent sans traitement, elles risquent de détruire le tissu adjacent et d'altérer la fonction, la structure et l'apparence de la région affectée lors du processus de croissance. Objectif: Décrire l'évolution clinique et la prise en charge thérapeutique d'un patient atteint de tumeur à cellules géantes au niveau de l'avant-bras. Cas clinique: Un patient âgé de 28 ans, diagnostiqué d'une tumeur osseuse au niveau du tiers distal du cubitus, sans abord ni traitement chirurgical dû à son refus de soin, est présenté. Un an après, il est rentré au service d'urgence. La tumeur avait grandi, et présentait des changements au niveau du tiers distal du cubitus, des lésions lytiques, une perte osseuse corticale, une réaction périostée, des bords mal définis, et un dommage des tissus mous environnants. Une probable tumeur à cellules géantes a été diagnostiquée. Le traitement chirurgical a permis la conservation de l'avant-bras, mais un an après l'intervention, son pronostic reste incertain, étant donnée la probabilité de récidive. Conclusions: La rapide croissance des tumeurs exige des décisions opportunes, car le temps parcouru avant le traitement peut se traduire -comme dans ce cas- par une atteinte destructive des tissus adjacents. Plus d'un an après la chirurgie, le pronostic du patient reste incertain, parce que la probabilité de récidive est encore latente(AU)

Prognostic role of resection margin in open oncologic laryngeal surgery: survival analysis of a cohort of 139 patients affected by squamous cell carcinoma / Papel prognóstico da margem de ressecção em cirurgia oncológica aberta de laringe: análise de sobrevida de uma coorte de 139 pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas

Abstract Introduction: The treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma needs accurate risk stratification, in order to choose the most suitable therapy. The prognostic significance of resection margin is still highly debated, considering the contradictory results obtained in several studies regarding the survival rate of patients with a positive resection margin. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic role of resection margin in terms of survival and risk of recurrence of primary tumour through survival analysis. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, 139 patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma underwent partial or total laryngectomy and were followed for mean of 59.44 ± 28.65 months. Resection margin status and other variables such as sex, age, tumour grading, pT, pN, surgical technique adopted, and post-operative radio- and/or chemotherapy were investigated as prognostic factors. Results: 45.32% of patients underwent total laryngectomy, while the remaining subjects in the cohort underwent partial laryngectomy. Resection margins in 73.39% of samples were free of disease, while in 21 patients (15.1%) anatomo-pathological evaluation found one of the margins to be close; in 16 subjects (11.51%) an involved resection margin was found. Only 6 patients (4.31%) had a recurrence, which occurred in 83.33% of these patients within the first year of follow-up. Disease specific survival was 99.24% after 1 year, 92.4% after 3 years, and 85.91% at 5 years. The multivariate analysis of all covariates showed an increased mortality rate only with regard to pN (HR = 5.043; p = 0.015) and recurrence (HR = 11.586; p = 0.012). Resection margin did not result an independent predictor (HR = 0.757; p = 0.653). Conclusions: Our study did not recognize resection margin as an independent prognostic factor; most previously published papers lack unanimous, methodological choices, and the cohorts of patients analyzed are not easy to compare. To reach a unanimous agreement regarding the prognostic value of resection margins, it would be necessary to carry out meta-analyses on studies sharing definition of resection margin, methodology and post-operative therapeutic choices.

Resumo Introdução: O tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas de laringe necessita de uma estratificação precisa do risco, para a escolha da terapia mais adequada. O significado prognóstico da margem de ressecção ainda é motivo de debate, considerando-se os resultados contraditórios obtidos em vários estudos sobre a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com margem de ressecção positiva. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel prognóstico da margem de ressecção em termos de sobrevida e risco de recorrência de tumor primário através da análise de sobrevida. Método: Entre 2007 e 2014, 139 pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas de laringe foram submetidos à laringectomia parcial ou total e foram acompanhados por um tempo médio de 59,44 ± 28,65 meses. O status de margem de ressecção e outras variáveis, como sexo, idade, grau do tumor, pT, pN, técnica cirúrgica adotada e radio- e/ou quimioterapia pós-operatória, foram investigados como fatores prognósticos. Resultados: Dos pacientes, 45,32% foram submetidos à laringectomia total, enquanto os demais foram submetidos à laringectomia parcial. As margens de ressecção em 73,39% das amostras estavam livres, enquanto em 21 pacientes (15,1%) a avaliação anatomopatológica encontrou uma das margens próxima e 16 indivíduos (11,51%) apresentaram margem de ressecção comprometida. Apenas seis pacientes (4,31%) apresentaram recidiva, o que ocorreu em 83,33% desses pacientes no primeiro ano de seguimento. A sobrevida doença-específica foi de 99,24% em um ano, 92,4% em três anos e 85,91% em cinco anos. A análise multivariada de todas as covariáveis mostrou um aumento na taxa de mortalidade apenas em relação à pN (HR = 5,043; p = 0,015) e recidiva (HR = 11,586; p = 0,012). A margem de ressecção não demonstrou ser um preditor independente (HR = 0,757; p = 0,653). Conclusões: Nosso estudo não identificou a margem de ressecção como fator prognóstico independente; a maioria dos artigos publicados anteriormente não tem escolhas metodológicas unânimes e as coortes de pacientes analisados não são fáceis de comparar. Para chegar a uma concordância unânime em relação ao valor prognóstico da margem de ressecção, seria necessário fazer metanálises em estudos que compartilham a definição da margem de ressecção, metodologia e escolhas terapêuticas pós-operatórias.

Prophylactic central neck dissection and local recurrence in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a meta-analysis / Esvaziamento cervical central profilático e recidiva local de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide: uma metanálise

Abstract Introduction: For papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients, the reported incidence of lymph node metastasis is as high as 40%, and these occur mainly in the central compartment of the neck. Because these metastases are difficult to detect using ultrasonography preoperatively, some authors advocate routine central neck dissection in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients at the time of initial thyroidectomy. Objective: To evaluate whether prophylactic central neck dissection can decrease the local recurrence rate of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma after thyroidectomy. Methods: The publicly available literature published from January 1990 to December 2017 concerning thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection versus thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was retrieved by searching the national and international online databases. A meta-analysis was performed after the data extraction process. Results: Four studies were finally included with a total of 727 patients, of whom, 366 cases underwent thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection and 361 cases received thyroidectomy only. As shown by the meta-analysis results, the recurrence rates in cases of thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection were approximately 1.91% and were significantly lower than those with thyroidectomy only (OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.10, 0.56], p = 0.0009). Conclusion: For patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, thyroidectomy plus prophylactic central neck dissection is a safe and efficient procedure and it results in lower recurrence rate. Since the evidences are of low quality (non-randomized studies), further randomized trials are needed.

Resumo Introdução: A incidência relatada de metástases linfonodais chega a 40% em pacientes com microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide e essas ocorrem principalmente no compartimento cervical central. Como essas metástases são difíceis de ser detectadas com o uso de ultrassonografia no pré-operatório, alguns autores defendem o esvaziamento cervical central de rotina em pacientes portadores de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide no momento da tireoidectomia inicial. Objetivo: Avaliar se o esvaziamento cervical central profilático pode diminuir a taxa de recorrência local de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide após a tireoidectomia. Método: A literatura disponível, publicada de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2017, sobre tireoidectomia com esvaziamento cervical central profilático versus tireoidectomia somente para microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide foi obtida através de busca nas bases de dados online nacionais e internacionais. A metanálise foi feita após o processo de extração de dados. Resultados: Quatro estudos foram finalmente incluídos na metanálise, com 727 pacientes, dos quais 366 foram submetidos à tireoidectomia com esvaziamento cervical central profilático e 361 só receberam tireoidectomia. Como mostrado pelos resultados da metanálise, as taxas de recorrência com tireoidectomia com esvaziamento cervical central profilático foram de 1,91% e foram significantemente menores do que aquelas em pacientes submetidos somente à tiroidectomia (OR = 0,24, IC95% [0,10-0,56], p = 0,0009). Conclusão: Para pacientes com microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide, o esvaziamento cervical central profilático é um procedimento seguro e eficiente e resulta em menor taxa de recorrência. Como as evidências são de baixa qualidade (estudos não randomizados), mais estudos randomizados são necessários.

Patrón de recurrencia local en el carcinoma ductal in situ de mama según su inmunofenotipo / Pattern of local recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ according to the inmunophenotype

Introducción En el carcinoma intraductal o carcinoma ductal in situ (cdis), la sobreexpresión del her2 neu (her2 neu+), alcanza un 60 a 70% de los casos y se asocia con la presencia de alto grado nuclear, comedo-necrosis y baja expresión de receptores hormonales. La asociación entre la sobreexpresión de her2 neu, receptor de estrógeno negativo (re) y alta expresión de factor de proliferación Ki67 (>14%) en pacientes con cdis tendría mayor riesgo de recurrencia local. Objetivos Determinar la frecuencia de sobreexpresión del factor de membrana epidérmico her2 neu en los carcinomas ductales in situ de mama y su relación con la recurrencia local de la enfermedad. Asimismo, determinar la relación entre la sobreexpresión del her2 neu y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (sle), la supervivencia global (sg), los receptores hormonales y Ki67, y el tipo de recurrencia. Material y método Estudio retrospectivo que incluye pacientes con diagnóstico de cdis de mama en el Servicio de Mastología del Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires operadas entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2014. Las variables analizadas fueron la edad, el estado menopáusico, la forma de presentación, el tratamiento quirúrgico y adyuvante, el diagnóstico anátomo-patológico y la inmunohistoquímica, la supervivencia libre de enfermedad y la supervivencia global. Resultados Se incluyeron en el estudio 252 pacientes que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión, agrupándolas según la sobreexpresión o no del receptor de membrana her2 neu en el resultado anátomo-patológico de la pieza operatoria. Sobreexpresaron el receptor de membrana her2 neu (her2 neu+) 86 pacientes (34,1%), mientras que 166 pacientes (65,9%) fueron her2 neu negativo (her2 neu­). Se observó menor número de re negativo en el grupo her2 neu­ (8,4%) vs las pacientes del grupo her2 neu+ (39,5%) (p<0,001). Se registraron 24 recurrencias locales (9,52%), 8 de ellas del grupo her2 neu­ (4,8%) y las 16 restantes del grupo her2 neu+ (18,6%). Se halló una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la recurrencia local y la sobreexpresión de her2 neu: p=0,04. Conclusiones Se encontró que la sobreexpresión del her2 neu se asoció a una mayor tasa de recurrencia local del carcinoma ductal in situ, con una menor sle en este grupo. También hubo un mayor número de tumores con receptores hormonales negativos en el grupo her2 neu+. En cuanto a la sg, no encontramos diferencias entre ambos grupos

Introduction The incidence of human epidermal growth factor 2 (her2 neu) overexpression or amplification in ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) is between 60 to 70%, and is associated with the presence of high nuclear grade, comedonecrosis, and low expression of hormonal receptors. There is a higher risk of local recurrence in patients with dcis that overexpress her2 neu, have negative estrogen receptor and high Ki67 (>14%). Objectives Identify patients diagnosed with dcis that overexpressed her2 neu, and its association with local recurrence. Likewise, determine the relationship between her2 neu amplification and disease free survival (dfs), overall survival (os), and expression of hormonal receptors, Ki67 and the type of recurrence. Materials and method Retrospective study, that included patients with dcis diagnosed and surgically treated in the Breast Service of Hospital Britanico de Buenos Aires between January 2006 and December 2014. Demographic information analyzed included age, menopausal status, type of presentation, surgery and adjuvant therapy, histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry (ihc), dfs and os. Results 252 patients were included and divided in two groups according to the her2 neu expression in the histopathologic result after surgery. The overexpression of her2 neu (her2 neu positive/her2 neu+) was found in 86 patients (34.1%) and 166 patients (65,9%) were her2 neu negative (her2 neu­). In the her2 neu­ group we found less negative estrogen receptor (8.4%) than in the her2 neu+ group (39.5%) (p<0.001). There were 24 local recurrence (9.52%): 8 were her2 neu­ (4.8%) and 16 were her2 neu+ (18.6%). The association between local recurrence and her2 neu overexpression was statistically significant in our analysis: p=0.04. Conclusions The her2 neu overexpression was related with a higher recurrence rate, less dfs. There was also a higher number of tumors with negative estrogen receptor that overexpressed her2 neu. No difference was found in the os between groups

Clinical study of salvage strategy for patients with locally recurrent esophageal cancer after definitive radiochemotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the salvage strategy and efficacy for patients with locally recurrent esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after definitive radiochemotherapy.@*Methods@#A total of 126 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study and divided into the salvage surgery, salvage radiochemotherapy and best supportive care.@*Results@#Fifty-eight of 126 patients received salvage esophagectomy, 52 underwent salvage radiochemotherapy and the remaining 16 patients received best supportive care. The 1-, 3-, 5-year overall survival rates of patients receiving salvage therapy were 51%, 16% and 4% for the three groups, whereas all patients in the best supportive care group died within 12.0 months (P<0.001). The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates in the salvage surgery and salvage radiochemotherapy groups were 48%, 20% and 7%, and 51%, 11% and 3%, respectively (P=0.473). Multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazard model showed that T staging of recurrent tumors and salvage regimen were the independent prognostic factors in patients with locally recurrent esophageal cancer (both P<0.001). Postoperative infection occurred in 16% of the patients in the salvage surgery group, and the incidence of esophagotracheal fistula and mediastinoesophageal fistula was 10% and 6% in the salvage radiochemotherapy group.@*Conclusions@#A survival benefit can be elicited by salvage surgery or salvage radiochemotherapy in patients with locally recurrent esophageal cancer after definitive radiochemotherapy. Nevertheless, extensive attention should be paid to the management of postoperative complications in clinical practice.

Investigation on concurrent chemoradiotherapy for postoperative inguinal recurrence in penile cancer patients / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective@#To investigate treatment option of inguinal lymph node metastasis after inguinal lymph node dissection in patients with penile cancer.@*Methods@#To retrospectively analyze the efficacy and prognostic factors of cisplatin combined with fluorouracil in the concurrent chemoradiotherapy of inguinal lymph node metastasis after penile cancer surgery. Twenty-three patients with inguinal lymph node metastasis after inguinal lymph node dissection for penile squamous cell carcinoma from February 2009 to December 2015 were included.Inguinal lymph node metastasis with squamous cell carcinoma were confirmed by pathology or cytology. Metastatic lymph nodes of each patient were fixed, not less than 2, and greater than 4 cm in diameter. All patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil.The response rate was evaluated after radiotherapy. The local control rate, survival time and the prognostic factors were also analyzed.@*Results@#The median time of postoperative inguinal lymph node metastasis was 6.1 months, and the recurrence rate of the patients within 16 months after the operation was 95%.The response rate was 65.2% (15/23). After treatment, the local pain was significantly relieved and 7 cases of local hemorrhage was relieved. The 1-, 2-year survival rates were 21.3% and 5.5%, respectively, with a median survival of 6.3 months(95% CI: 3.4-8.1). And local tumor response rate correlated with radiation dose. Cox multivariate analysis showed that N staging and histological grade were independent prognostic factors for survival after treatment.@*Conclusions@#Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is effective for postoperative inguinal lymph node metastasis, especially for the local recurrence with symptoms and for patients who are not suitable for surgical salvage regarding the local tumor control, pain relief and tumor hemorrhage. However, the overall survival rate of the patients who received treatment was still low. Lower extremity edema is the main complication of concurrent chemoradiotherapy. N staging and poor differentiation of the tissue are unfavorable prognostic factors.

Investigation on concurrent chemoradiotherapy for postoperative inguinal recurrence in penile cancer patients / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate treatment option of inguinal lymph node metastasis after inguinal lymph node dissection in patients with penile cancer.Methods To retrospectively analyze the efficacy and prognostic factors of cisplatin combined with fluorouracil in the concurrent chemoradiotherapy of inguinal lymph node metastasis after penile cancer surgery.Twenty-three patients with inguinal lymph node metastasis after inguinal lymph node dissection for penile squamous cell carcinoma from February 2009 to December 2015 were included.Inguinal lymph node metastasis with squamous cell carcinoma were confirmed by pathology or cytology.Metastatic lymph nodes of each patient were fixed,not less than 2,and greater than 4 cm in diameter.All patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil.The response rate was evaluated after radiotherapy.The local control rate,survival time and the prognostic factors were also analyzed.Results The median time of postoperative inguinal lymph node metastasis was 6.1 months,and the recurrence rate of the patients within 16 months after the operation was 95％.The response rate was 65.2％ (15/23).After treatment,the local pain was significantly relieved and 7 cases of local hemorrhage was relieved.The 1-,2-year survival rates were 21.3％ and 5.5％,respectively,with a median survival of 6.3 months (95％ CI:3.4-8.1).And local tumor response rate correlated with radiation dose.Cox multivariate analysis showed that N staging and histological grade were independent prognostic factors for survival after treatment.Conclusions Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is effective for postoperative inguinal lymph node metastasis,especially for the local recurrence with symptoms and for patients who are not suitable for surgical salvage regarding the local tumor control,pain relief and tumor hemorrhage.However,the overall survival rate of the patients who received treatment was still low.Lower extremity edema is the main complication of concurrent chemoradiotherapy.N staging and poor differentiation of the tissue are unfavorable prognostic factors.

Risk factors for predicting local recurrence and distant metastasis in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To identify risk factors for local recurrence and distant metastasis in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).Methods We retrospectively reviewed 269 patients with UTUC who had performed RNU from 2003 to 2013 in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.158 were males and 111 were females,aged range from 37 to 86 years old,left side were 144 cases and right side were 125 cases,157 cases occurred in renal pelvis and 112 cases in ureter,the diameter of tumor ＞ 3 cm were 163 cases,≥ pT3 stage were 143 cases,presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were 35 cases,high grade tumors (G3) were 185 cases,presence of hydronephrosis were 185 cases,multifocal tumors were 28 cases,sessile tumors were 86 cases,neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR) ≥ 2.0 were 109 cases,estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ＜ 60ml/(min · 1.73 m2) were 62 cases,plasma fibrinogen ≥3.2 g/L were 129 cases.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent prognostic factors for local recurrence-free survival (IRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (dMFS).Results The median follow-up was 43.8 months (range 4.4-131.8).30 patients had a local recurrence with a median intermittent period of 19.4 months (range 4.3-71.3).35 patients had a distant metastasis with a median intermittent period of 17.7 months (range 4.1-51.4).In univariate analysis,sessile tumor(P =0.041),tumor multifocality (P =0.027),location in ureter (P =0.001),presence of LVI (P＜0.001),≥pT3 stage(P ＜0.001),eGFR ＜60ml/(min · 1.73 m2) (P =0.009) and plasma fibrinogen ≥ 3.2 g/L (P ＜ 0.001) were associated with lRFS.While high-grade tumor (G3) (P =0.012),sessile tumor (P ＜ 0.001),presence of LVI (P ＜ 0.001),presence of hydronephrosis (P =0.046),and NLR ≥2.0 (P =0.002) were associated with dMFS.Multivariate analysis revealed that location in ureter(HR =4.835,95 ％ CI 1.792-13.044,P =0.002),presence of LVI (HR =5.037,95 ％ CI 2.183-11.230,P ＜ 0.001),≥pT3 stage(HR =2.987,95％ CI 1.078-8.283,P =0.035) and plasma fibrinogen ≥3.20g/L (HR =4.281,95 ％ CI 1.454-12.603,P =0.008) were independent factors for lRFS.Sessile tumor (HR =6.097,95％ CI 2.536-14.660,P ＜ 0.001),presence of LVI (HR =4.191,95％ CI 2.035-8.633,P ＜ 0.001),and NLR ≥2.0 (HR =2.741,95％ CI 1.128-6.657,P =0.026) were independent factors for dMFS.We stratified patients into three risk groups of LR and DM based on the results of the multivariate analysis respectively.The 1-year,3-year,5-year lRFS rates were 99.0％,96.8％,95.0％ in the low-risk group;94.5％,91.2％,87.6％ in the intermediate-risk group;and 77.8％,58.8％,58.8％ in the high-risk group.The differences among groups were significant (P ＜ 0.001).The 1-year,3-year,5-year dMFS rates were 98.4％,97.6％,96.0％ in the low-risk group,88.0％,73.8％,71.8％ in the intermediate-risk group,and 63.7％,42.9％,28.5％ in the high-risk group.The differences among groups were significant as well(P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion Location in ureter,presence of LVI,≥ pT3 stageand plasma fibrinogen ≥3.2 g/L were independent factors for lRFS.Sessile tumor,presence of LVI,and NLR ≥ 2.0 were independent factors for dMFS.The risk stratification models may be useful for identifying the patients with high risk of LR/DM after surgery.

Evaluation of Local Recurrence in Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone Treated by Neoadjuvant Denosumab

BACKGROUND: Giant-cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive primary benign tumor presenting as an expansile osteolytic lesion affecting the epiphysis of long bones. Denosumab halts the osteolysis by giant cells thereby downstaging the tumor, helping in performing less morbid procedures to remove the tumor. Our aim was to report the incidence of local recurrence (LR) in patients operated following neoadjuvant denosumab, to investigate factors associated with LR following extended curettage for GCTB, and to compare the postoperative functional and oncological outcome of patients operated with and without neoadjuvant denosumab. METHODS: A total of 123 patients with a mean age of 29.6 years undergoing extended curettage for GCTB were retrospectively divided into group 1 receiving neoadjuvant denosumab and group 2 operated without denosumab. The mean follow-up period was 35 months. The perioperative characteristics and outcome were compared between the two groups and the factors for LR of GCTB were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of LR among patients operated after neoadjuvant denosumab therapy was 42.8% and was significantly high compared to that in patients without denosumab (p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, use of denosumab as a neoadjuvant was the only factor independently associated with LR following surgery (p = 0.002). Patients treated with denosumab had a lower LR-free survival rate (log-rank, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Denosumab was independently associated with increased LR following surgery for GCTB. Denosumab has to be used cautiously in patients in whom the burden of downstaging the disease outweighs the possible chance of LR.

Observation of short-term clinical efficacy and adverse reactions with stereotactic radiotherapy in locally recurrent non-small cell lung cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the short-term clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) in the treatment of locally recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods Clinical data of 120 cases of recurrent NSCLC after radiotherapy admitted to our hospital from October 2009 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.SRT was adopted for further radiotherapy.The prescription dose was 50％ dose curve surrounding the target area.The total dose was 40-50 Gy,with a single dose of 4-5 Gy for 8-12 times.The chest CT was re-examined every 2 months after radiotherapy.The short-term clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were evaluated.The changes of Karnofsky performance score (KPS) and quality of life (QOL) were recorded before and after radiotherapy.Results One patient terminated the radiotherapy due to grade 3 acute radiation-induced pneumonia,25 patients (21.0％) obtained complete remission (CR),61 cases (51.3％) of partial remission (PR),19 cases (16.0％) of stable disease (SD),14 cases (11.8％) of progress disease (PD),86 cases (72.3％) of objective remission rate (CR+PR),and 105 cases (88.2％) of disease control (CR+PR+SD),respectively.Thirty-one patients experienced radiation-induced pneumonia,23 cases of radiation-induced myelosuppression and 1 case of acute radiation-induced heart injury.All these adverse reactions were mitigated after symptomatic treatment.The KPS was significantly increased from 68.16±15.22 before SRT to 78.39± 11.50 after SRT (P＜0.05).The QOL was considerably elevated from 27.58±5.37 prior to SRT to 38.16±8.39 following SRT (P＜0.01).Conclusion SRT is an efficacious and safe treatment of locally recurrent NSCLC,which yields controllable and tolerable adverse reactions and enhances the QOL of patients.

Tratamiento conservador del cáncer de mama y factores pronósticos de recidiva local / Conservative treatment of invasive breast cancer and prognostic factors of local recurrence

Introducción Actualmente, la cirugía conservadora seguida de radioterapia es el tratamiento de elección para los estadios tempranos de cáncer de mama ya que ha demostrado ser equivalente a la mastectomía en cuanto a la sobrevida. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de recidiva local luego del tratamiento conservador existe, y se han descripto diferentes factores pronósticos vinculados a ella. Objetivos Estimar la tasa de recidiva local en las pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico conservador e identificar los parámetros relacionados con mayor riesgo de recidiva local de cáncer de mama. Material y método Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva y comparativa 450 pacientes operadas con cirugía conservadora con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama invasor, intervenidas entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2012. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables para recidiva local: edad, estado menopáusico, tamaño tumoral, tipo histológico, grado histológico, compromiso axilar, invasión linfovascular, componente intraductal extenso, receptores hormonales, her2, márgenes y multifocalidad. Resultados Con un seguimiento medio de 71,2 meses, la tasa de recidiva fue del 6,2% (28 de 450). El tiempo medio hasta la recidiva fue de 53 meses. En el análisis univariado, la edad menor a 35 años (p=0,0008), el estado premenopáusico (p=0,036), el tamaño tumoral mayor a 1 cm (p=0,04), el compromiso axilar (p=0,008), la invasión linfovascular (p=0,033) y el componente intraductal extenso (p=0,007) mostraron estar asociados a un mayor riesgo de recidiva local. En cambio, el tipo y grado histológico, los receptores hormonales, el her2, los márgenes y la multifocalidad no tuvieron relevancia en el desarrollo de la misma. Conclusiones Mediante este estudio, pudimos observar que la edad joven, la premenopausia, el tamaño tumoral, la enfermedad axilar y la presencia de invasión linfovascular y componente intraductal extenso en el tumor representan factores pronósticos de recidiva de cáncer de mama luego del tratamiento quirúrgico conservador.

Introduction Nowadays, breast conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for early stage breast cancer, since it has proven to be equivalent to mastectomy in terms of survival. However, there is a possibility of recurrence after conservative treatment and there are different prognostic factor associated with it. Objectives To estimate the rate of local recurrence in patients with conservative treatment and identify the parameters related to the higher risk of breast cancer local recurrence. Materials and method Four hundred and fifty (450) patients operated on conservative surgery, between January 2006 and December 2012, with diagnose of invasive breast cancer, have been analyzed in a retrospective a comparative way. The following risk variables have been evaluated for local recurrence: age, menopausal status, tumor size, histologic type, histologic grade, nodal status, lymphovascular invasion, extensive intraductal component, hormone receptors, her2, margins status and multifocal tumors. Results For an average follow up of 72.2 months, the average rate of recurrence was 6.2% (28/450). The average relapse time was 53 months. On the univariate analysis, age lower than 35 years (p=0.0008), premenopausal status (p=0.036), tumor size larger than 1 cm (p=0.04), nodal status (p=0.008), lymphovascular invasion presence (p=0.033) and the extensive intraductal component presence (p=0.007) have shown to be associated with higher risk for local recurrence. On the other hand, histological type and grade, hormone receptors, her2, margin status and multifocal tumors had no relevance for development of local recurrence. Conclusions Through this study we were able to observe that young age, premenopausal, tumor size, nodal status, lymphovascular invasion presence, extensive intraductal component presence are indicators of an increased risk of local recurrence after conservative treatment.

Efficacy of Postoperative Radiotherapy Using Modern Techniques in Patients with Retroperitoneal Soft Tissue Sarcoma

PURPOSE: Local recurrence is the most common cause of failure in retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma patients after surgical resection. Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) is infrequently used due to its high complication risk. We investigated the efficacy of PORT using modern techniques in patients with retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients, who underwent surgical resection for non-metastatic primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma at the Yonsei Cancer Center between 1994 and 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-eight (47.5%) patients received PORT: three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in 29 and intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nine patients. Local failure-free survival (LFFS), overall survival (OS), and RT-related toxicities were investigated. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 37.1 months (range, 5.8–207.9). Treatment failure occurred in 47 (58.8%) patients including local recurrence in 33 (41.3%), distant metastasis in eight (10%), and both occurred in six (7.5%) patients. The 2-year and 5-year LFFS rates were 63.9% and 47.9%, respectively. The 2-year and 5-year OS rates were 87.5% and 71.1%. The 5-year LFFS rate was significantly higher in PORT group than in no-PORT group (74.2% vs. 24.3%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, PORT was the only independent prognostic factor for LFFS. However, there was no significant correlation between RT dose and LFFS. OS showed no significant difference between the two groups. Grade ≤2 acute toxicities were observed in 63% of patients, but no acute toxicity ≥grade 3 was observed. CONCLUSION: PORT using modern technique markedly reduced local recurrence in retroperitoneal sarcoma patients, with low toxicity. The optimal RT technique, in terms of RT dose and target volume, should be further investigated.